by
Damien
F. Mackey
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Those frequent TV documentaries about
ancient cities and civilisations that promise to provide the key to hitherto
unresolved mysteries can often turn out to be disappointing and even, in some
cases, rather boring – these last best serving as a cure for insomnia.
Such was by no means the case, however, with Dr. Stephanie Dalley's TV doco,
"Finding Babylon's Hanging Gardens", which wonderfully solved an
age-old problem.
A world wonder so elusive, most people have decided it must be mythical.
Centuries of digging have turned up nothing. The problem is, everyone has been
looking in the wrong place. This documentary will prove the Hanging Gardens of
Babylon did exist. Based on the latest findings of leading Assyriologist Dr
Stephanie Dalley, for the first time ever it pinpoints exactly where the
Gardens were, what they looked like and how they were constructed. This
investigation unfolds through over-looked clues in the British Museum,
interrogation of established sources, new archaeological evidence in Northern
Iraq and CGI reconstruction of the Gardens in their full glory. (From the UK).
….
A more complete account is given by C. Klein, referring to Dr. Dalley's
book on the subject:
Hanging Gardens Existed, but not in Babylon
Mythology shrouds each of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, but none has
been more mysterious than the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Archaeologists have
never unearthed evidence of the soaring gardens, and scholars have questioned
its very existence. Now, however, an Oxford University researcher says she
knows why the Hanging Gardens of Babylon have proven so elusive. It's because
they weren't in Babylon at all.
Greek and Roman
texts paint vivid pictures of the luxurious Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Amid
the hot, arid landscape of ancient Babylon, lush vegetation cascaded like
waterfalls down the terraces of the 75-foot-high garden. Exotic plants, herbs
and flowers dazzled the eyes, and fragrances wafted through the towering
botanical oasis dotted with statues and tall stone columns.
Babylonian king
Nebuchadnezzar II was said to have constructed the luxurious Hanging Gardens in
the sixth century B.C. as a gift to his wife, Amytis, who was homesick for the
beautiful vegetation and mountains of her native Media (the northwestern part
of modern-day Iran). To make the desert bloom, a marvel of irrigation
engineering would have been required. Scientists have surmised that a system of
pumps, waterwheels and cisterns would have been employed to raise and deliver
the water from the nearby Euphrates River to the top of the gardens.
The multiple
Greek and Roman accounts of the Hanging Gardens, however, were
second-hand–written centuries after the wonder's alleged destruction.
First-hand accounts did not exist, and for centuries, archaeologists have
hunted in vain for the remains of the gardens. A group of German archaeologists
even spent two decades at the turn of the 20th century trying to unearth signs
of the ancient wonder without any luck. The lack of any relics has caused
skeptics to question whether the supposed desert wonder was just an
"historical mirage."
However, Dr. Stephanie Dalley, an honorary research fellow and part of the
Oriental Institute at England's Oxford University, believes she has found
evidence of the existence of the legendary Wonder of the Ancient World. In her
soon-to-be-released book "The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An
Elusive World Wonder Traced," published by Oxford University Press, Dalley
asserts that the reason why no traces of the Hanging Gardens have ever been
found in Babylon is because they were never built there in the first place.
Dalley, who has
spent the better part of two decades researching the Hanging Gardens and
studying ancient cuneiform texts, believes they were constructed 300 miles to
the north of Babylon in Nineveh, the capital of the rival Assyrian empire. She
asserts the Assyrian king Sennacherib, not Nebuchadnezzar II, built the marvel
in the early seventh century B.C., a century earlier than scholars had
previously thought.
According to Oxford University, Dalley, who is a scholar in ancient
Mesopotamian languages, found evidence in new translations of the ancient texts
of King Sennacherib that describe his own "unrivaled palace" and a
"wonder for all peoples." He also mentioned a bronze water-raising
screw—similar to Archimedes' screw developed four centuries later—that could
have been used to irrigate the gardens.
Recent
excavations around Nineveh, near the modern-day Iraqi city of Mosul, have
uncovered evidence of an extensive aqueduct system that delivered water from
the mountains with the inscription: "Sennacherib king of the world…Over a
great distance I had a watercourse directed to the environs of Nineveh."
Bas reliefs from the royal palace in Nineveh depicted a lush garden watered by
an aqueduct, and unlike the flat surroundings of Babylon, the more rugged
topography around the Assyrian capital would have made the logistical challenges
in elevating water to the gardens far easier for an ancient civilization to
overcome.
Dalley explains
that the reason for the confusion of the location of the gardens could be due
to the Assyrian conquering of Babylon in 689 B.C. Following the takeover,
Nineveh was referred to as the "New Babylon," and Sennacherib even
renamed the city gates after those of Babylon's entrances. Dalley's assertions
could debunk thoughts that the elusive ancient wonder was an "historical
mirage," but they could also prove that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon are
mislabeled and should truly be the Hanging Gardens of Nineveh.
But Why Did the Ancients Attribute the Famous Gardens to King Nebuchednezzar?
Were the Greeks and the Romans wrong about both the location of the Gardens
and the name of the king who created them?
Whilst it appears from Dr. Stephanie Dalley's research that they did indeed
get the location wrong, I do not believe that they were wrong in attributing
this 'Wonder of the World' to a King Nebuchednezzar. For I, in my university
thesis:
A Revised History of the Era of King Hezekiah of Judah
and its Background
AMAIC_Final_Thesis_2009.pdf
(Volume One, Chapter 7) argued that Sennacherib, as ruler of the Babylon which
he had conquered, was actually called "Nebuchednezzar". That he was
the Nebuchednezzar I of the so-called Middle Babylonian period, as opposed to
the Nebuchednezzar II 'the Great' of a later era, to whose genius the Hanging
Gardens of Babylon have traditionally been attributed. And I took this further
in Volume Two of my thesis, centring upon the question of the historicity of
the Book of Judith, where I identified the "Nebuchadnezzar who reigned
over the Assyrians in the great city of Nineveh" (Judith 1:1) with
Sennacherib (Nebuchednezzar I).
This radical revision involved a folding of C12th BC (conventional dating)
Middle Assyro-Babylonian history with C8th BC neo-Assyro-Babylonian history,
which also has some art-historical justification.
For a briefer account of all of this, see my:
Bringing New Order to Mesopotamian
History and Chronology
As I have shown in various articles, there are other phases of
Assyro-Babylonian history, too, that require folding.
Concluding remark
Whilst the retrospective Greco-Romans were admittedly somewhat confused
about the proper geography and chronology of the famous "Hanging
Gardens", they had apparently discerned quite correctly that these were
the grand achievement of a king named "Nebuchednezzar", who had ruled
the city of Babylon.
Part Two: Name
Confusions
“Several
confusions have been identified. It would be satisfactory if we could account
for them, to strengthen yet further the argument that the Hanging Garden was
built by Sennacherib in Nineveh rather than by Nebuchadnezzar or Semiramis in
Babylon”.
What a terrific
book! I read it in one go.
I am referring
to Stephanie Dalley’s The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder
Traced (OUP, 2013). Apart from her unscrambling of the Classical texts on
the subject of the Seven Wonders of the World, and being able to conclude that
it was not Nebuchednezzar II the Chaldean, but rather the Assyrian king
Sennacherib, who created the ‘hanging’ gardens that became so famed in
antiquity, Dalley provides an abundance of important information on
Assyro-Babylonian technology, art and architecture.
Despite the necessary technicalities, this book,
written by a most disciplined researcher - “a world expert on ancient
Babylonian language” - is easy to read and enjoyable.
In Chapter 6, “Confusion of Names”, Dalley makes this
important point (p. 107):
Several confusions have been identified. It would be
satisfactory if we could account for them, to strengthen yet further the
argument that the Hanging Garden was built by Sennacherib in Nineveh rather than
by Nebuchadnezzar or Semiramis in Babylon. Four distinct pairs of names are
relevant for tracing the story of the legendary garden: ‘Nebuchadnezzar’ named
for Sennacherib, the city name ‘Babylon’ used for Nineveh, the river
‘Euphrates’ named instead of the Tigris, and ‘Semiramis’ confused with other
queens and with ‘Nitocris”. For each of them an explanation can be given.
[End of quote]
When reading
Dalley’s account here of name confusion, I was immediately reminded of the
situation right at the beginning of the Book of Judith, about which I have
written much. And, indeed, the point has not been missed on Dalley either. For
she writes on the next page (p. 108), referring to Judith as a “late” text (but
I would prefer to say a late copy of the original):
Sennacherib was evidently
confused with Nebuchadnezzar in several late texts. In the opening words of the
Book of Judith the two kings are confused: ‘It was the twelfth year of
Nebuchadnezzar who reigned over the Assyrians in the great city of Nineveh’.
When Josephus named Nebuchadnezzar as builder of the garden, both he and his
readers would have been confused between Nineveh and Babylon, and between
Sennacherib and Nebuchadnezzar, because at the time they were reading his
account, the Book of Judith was already in circulation.
[End of quote]
For my own reconstruction of the
Book of Judith’s magnificent drama as belonging entirely to the C8th BC time of
Sennacherib of Nineveh, and not to the C6th BC Nebuchednezzar II of Babylon,
see e.g. my articles:
Book of
Judith Suggests Sargon as Sennacherib
and
“Nadin went into everlasting darkness”
Continuing with
Stephanie Dalley’s intriguing and helpful Chapter 6, “Confusion of Names” (The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder
Traced (p. 120):
An accretion of legends is attached to the name
‘Semiramis’ in Greek texts, and the use of the name for more than one woman can
be explained through that concept. She was variously credited with leading
campaigns with her husband ‘Ninus’, and with building works in Babylon, among
them the famous Hanging Garden: Diodorus Siculus wrote that she founded a large
city in Babylonia on the Euphrates including the temple of the Babylonian Zeus
and the Hanging Garden (he does not actually name the city), and Quintus
Curtius Rufus wrote that Semiramis, not Bel, founded Babylon.
[End of quote]
